The Role of Intra-party Opposition in National Liberation...

The Role of Intra-party Opposition in National Liberation Movements By and large, in the latter half of the twentieth century a regime change has meant the victory of a leftist national liberation movement over an oppressive power; whether the new regime makes good on its stated purpose of delivering justice to its people has not evidenced such a standard pattern, however. While liberation movements such as the African National Congress (ANC) in South Africa were able successfully to convert their role as revolutionary â€Å"freedom fighters† into democratic participation in the state (Connell, 9), movements such as Castro’s Cuban Revolution, while accomplishing regime change, failed to deliver a successful state. This paper suggests that†¦show more content†¦Radical Islamic Palestinian nationalist groups, the most prominent of which is Hamas, adamantly resist any concessions to the state of Israel and maintain that the PA should not be negotiating with the I sraeli government. While there is little question that Hamas and similar organizations have had both the intent and the effect of erecting impediments on the road to a peace in the Middle East, this paper aims to dispel the notion that Palestinian opposition groups have completely derailed the peace process. Instead, I will argue that the presence of such vehement dissent is a necessary part to a lasting peace accord and to a stable two-state solution, as this intra-party opposition is often the most difficult hurdle to surmount for a national liberation movement that is attempting to rise to state power. To be clear, I argue that a critical first step to running a peaceful democratic state, before territory or infrastructure, is to pacify radical parties in a non-dictatorial fashion; a process by which a new political regime proves itself capable of state governance by tying together the moderate with the extreme. I further assert that the notion is incorrect that because the PA is born out of the PLO, an organization that employed guerrilla tactics to spoil peace efforts, the new Authority is necessarily an untrustworthy body. I will argue that in the majority of cases, as exemplified by South Africa,Show MoreRelatedWPA in Guyana Essay918 Words   |  4 Pagesoutside world, where the Soviet Union and its allies, although supportive of liberation movements around the world, did not endorse the local struggles for democracy; and played realpolitk with small countries? The Guyanese state had also by that time, with its critical role in the non-aligned movement, its anti-apartheid stand, and increasing ties with socialist countries benefited from the that most of the allies of the opposition Marxist-Leninist PPP welcomed Guyana’s support as a state. While theRead MoreUnited Nations Role in Conflict Management in Africa: a Case Study of Darfur11729 Words   |  47 Pagesindividuals, p arties or states. A conflict situation is characterized by the inability of those concerned to iron out their differences.2 Human wants are unlimited but the means to satisfy these wants are scarce. There is therefore, an inherent struggle in man for greater share of the limited resources. Conflict of interest is the result of these struggles. Most times, these conflicts at the micro level if not controlled can develop to conflict at the macro level such as communal, national, regionalRead MoreSectarianism: Islam and Pakistan4378 Words   |  18 Pageslines. With an American withdrawal, sectarianism is likely to strongly influence the evolving political, economic and social landscape in the country. Sectarian divisions could be an axis along which conflict develops between mainstream political parties. For instance, events to increase perceived marginalisation or isolation by one group, such as Kurdish marginalisation through a Sunni-Shi’a coalition, might incite violent conflict and political instability. [1] [2] Pakistan: Conflict in PakistanRead MoreSix Point Movement in Bangladesh6246 Words   |  25 PagesSix point movement The 6 Point Movement was a Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan spearheaded by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, which eventually led to the liberation of Bangladesh. The movements main agenda was to realize the six demands put forward by a coalition of Bengali nationalist political parties in 1966, to end the perceived exploitation of East Pakistan by the West Pakistani rulers. The demands were drafted by leading Bengali intellectuals Rehman Sobhan, Govinda Chandra Dev, MunierRead MoreForeign Policy of Pakistan from 1947 to 201210146 Words   |  41 Pages FUUAST Introduction Foreign policies generally are designed to help protect a country’s national interest—national security, ideological goals, and economic prosperity. Owing to the anarchic nature of the international political system and the absence of a world government, states tend to feel a high degree of insecurity, as there is no guarantee ofRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagescentury. 3. Social history—20th century. 4. World politics—20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943– II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82—dc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America 2 4 6 8 9 7 5 3 1 C ONTENTS Introduction Michael Adas 1 1 World Migration in the LongRead MorePrefixation Inthe English Language and Its Role in Enriching the English16589 Words   |  67 Pages Uzbek language†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.52 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦.57 The list of used literature†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..61 INTRODUCTION This Qualification Paper is devoted to the theme  «Prefixation in the English language and its role in enriching the English vocabulary ». The subject matter of the Qualification paper is  «Prefixation in English and Uzbek languages. The object of the research work is Prefixation and its classification, its productivity and non-productivity. The mainRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to Education24125 Words   |  97 PagesTable 2: HIV/AIDS Vulnerability and Mitigation Matrix AIDS Impact Level | HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rates | | LOW | HIGH | LOW | Phase 1: Low HIV/AIDS adult prevalence, very low impact levelFocus on REDUCTION OF VULNERABILITY TO HIV INFECTION National-level examples: Angola, Comoros, Eritrea and Madagascar. | Phase 2: High HIV/AIDS adult prevalence, still low impact level Focus on REDUCTION OF VULNERABILITY TO AIDS IMPACT and PREPAREDNESSNational-level examples: Ethiopia and Mozambique. | Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 PsychologyRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesdebates: explaining and understanding the diverse nature of organization theory Mapping some aspects of organization theory’s diversity Positivist protagonists: the truth is out there, and we can objectively know it Philosophical disputes around the role of the subjective in science Epistemological and ontolological disputes: how can we ever know the ‘truth’ and is there an ‘out there’? A few words of warning about the term postmodernism Overview of the structure and rationale of the book Chapter summaries

Theme Of Guilt In The Tell Tale Heart - 975 Words

Guilt is one of the very few feelings in the world, that no one person should ever feel, but eventually has to. That feeling of doing something wrong, even though it is very well known that it is wrong. The feeling that occupies every thought, every second, every action when it’s felt. The unfortunate part is that guilt is usually felt for a very long time, so those restless night, those dreadful days will be full of guilt consuming the mind. It could be said that the feeling of guilt is so great that it not only brings that horrible feeling of that what has been done is wrong, but also brings physical anguish to the person who has it. Such is the case with Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter, and Edgar Allen Poe in â€Å"The Tell-Tale†¦show more content†¦Suddenly, he his burdened and consumed with the guilt of killing the old man, and becomes so nervous that they know of his deed that he even tells them of what he has done. The words highlight how nervous he was but also about what guilt can do to you, it takes over every thought in your brain that you overthink, and don’t think about anything else. Guilt causes him so much grief mentally that he feels compelled to just confess his sin. Additionally, both Hawthorne and Poe project the similar theme, however Hawthorne uses long and enduring syntax, and Poe uses sporadic and stagnant syntax. Hawthorne in his passage: â€Å" It was his genuine impulse to adore the truth, and to reckon all things shadow-like, and utterly devoid of weight or value, that had not its divine essence as the life within their life.† (Hawthorne 1-3). He also writes â€Å" More than once he had cleared his throat, and drawn in the long, deep, and tremulous breath, which, when sent forth again, would come burdened with the black secret of his soul.† (Hawthorne 15-17). These two quotes are filled to an abundance with commas, to show that similar to how the sentences are long, his suffering too is drawn out and extensive. His long sentences usually also list his pains, like in the last quote when he talks about his breath, the constant description of the breath is not only agonizing to read but also shows that everything he does is long and drawn outShow MoreRelatedThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe879 Words   |  4 PagesIn between guilt, paranoia and obsession The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe uses several literary elements to support the themes of the story. The story is based on a gruesome murder of an old man. The author uses madness, obsession and guilt as themes to prove how the narrator is truly twisted and insane. Madness is the first theme of the story; in the beginning the narrator tries to convince the audience he is not mad (insane). â€Å"TRUE!... nervous very, very nervous I had been and am; but whyRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart And The Premature Burial915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Tell-Tale Heart and The Premature Burial are two short stories by Edgar Allan Poe. The Tell-Tale Heart is about the narrator killing an old man. The Premature Burial is about a mans fear of being buried alive. The theme of the two works are closely related to fear and guilt. Poe’s stories have terrifying plots, solid themes and literary criticism. The Tell-Tale heart starts as An unknown narrator says he is nervous but not mad. Then he informs the reader that he will be telling a story aboutRead MoreEssay on The Tell-Tale Heart852 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 1020 15 February 2013 Themes of â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† Edgar Allen Poe explores the similarity of love and hate in many stories, especially â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart.† In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the narrator confesses a love for an old man whom he then violently murders and dismembers the body and hides the pieces below the floorboards in the bedroom. When the police arrive, the narrator appears normal and unshaken by the murder. Later on, the man gives in to the guilt and cannot withstand knowingRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe s The Tell Tale Heart1581 Words   |  7 Pagestwisted themes and ideas. An example in his works is the conception of overthinking something that is not there. Many of these tales end with someone being killed due to the fascination of an unrealistic problem trying to be solved. Imagination is a main factor that drives the narrators to become worried. The obsessing narrators in Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart†, â€Å"The Black Cat†, and â€Å"The Imp of the Perverseâ €  demonstrate the idea that guilt drives people insane. â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† is oneRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart By Edgar Allan Poe1030 Words   |  5 PagesA Guilty- Mad Heart â€Å"Burduck then goes on to ponder how Poe used cultural anxieties and psychological panic to advantage.† (Grim Phantasms, G.A. Cevasco). In The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe, a nameless man narrates the story of how he murdered an elderly man because of his eyes. In his short story The Tell-Tale Heart, Poe shows the themes of guilt and the descent into madness through the narrator, in this gothic horror story. Edgar Allan Poe wrote many gothic tales throughout his lifeRead MoreTheme Of The Tell Tale Heart782 Words   |  4 PagesSymbols of Guilt â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† In â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart,† the poet, Edgar Allan Poe, writes of several different themes. Some of them include time and human nature. However, the most prevalent themes remain as the themes of guilt and insanity. The poem revolves around a man that lives with an old man that has an eye that the narrator fears. He calls it the vulture eye. He believes that it is evil, so he plans to murder the old man. Edgar Allan Poe expresses the themes of insanity and guilt by usingRead MoreAnalysis Of Edgar Allan Poe s A Tell Tale Heart1289 Words   |  6 Pages Inside the Heart There are many well-known poets, but not many are as unique as Edgar Allan Poe. By the age of 13, Poe had become a creative poet (Biographies). Many of Poe s works were horrific fictional stories. His first book was published in Boston in 1827, called Tamerlane and other Poems. More of Poe s major works include Tales of the Grotesque a d Arabesque, which included his most spine tingling tales such as Ligeia and The Fall of the House of Usher. Most of Poe s works haveRead More Critical Analysis of Poes The Tell Tale Heart Essay examples1635 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Poes The Tell Tale Heart The Tell Tale Heart is a story, on the most basic level, of conflict. There is a mental conflict within the narrator himself (assuming the narrator is male). Through obvious clues and statements, Poe alerts the reader to the mental state of the narrator, which is insanity. The insanity is described as an obsession (with the old mans eye), which in turn leads to loss of control and eventually results in violence. Ultimately, the narrator tells his story of killingRead MoreThe Tell Tale Heart And The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow1690 Words   |  7 PagesThe Themes â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow† One of Washington Irving’s short and most famous stories ‘The Legend of Sleepy Hollow’ has become a ghoulish characteristic yet an individual might still be unaccustomed with its idiocy (Hoffman, 425). Based on the real legend of Ichabod Crane, the story reveals how he disappeared. For that reason, the story revolves around the themes of wealth, appearances, truth, warfare, supernatural, gluttony and greed. On the other hand, TheRead MoreAnalysis of Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart1428 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Edgar Allen Poes 1843 short story The Tell-Tale Heart is about a young man who becomes mortally obsessed with an old mans creepy eye and ultimately kills him. Thomas Hardys 1902 poem The Man He Killed is about a soldier who has become used to killing people just because they are on the other side of the war. Both of these narratives lend insight into guilt related to death, told by a person who is self-aware enough to tell the story in a first perso n narrative. Moreover, both of these stories

My Understanding Of The Profession Of Social Work Essay

My understanding of the profession of social work is to enhance human well-being and to help meet the basic needs of all society, especially the needs of the most vulnerable, oppressed, and the needs of the people living in poverty. Social work leading duties are to promote social justice and social change on behalf of clients. In other words, social work profession, not only accommodate individual internal situations, as far as, client’s struggles, they also work with individual family to examine client’s relationship, family history, work environment, community environment, and the structures and policies that impact the clients in order to identify ways to help address problems or challenges. In additional, social work do not limit their work to just individuals; they work with individuals, couples, families, groups, neighborhood, communities, and different organizations. According to National Association of Social Workers, (NASW) â€Å"The mission of the social wor k profession is rooted in a set of core values. These core values, embraced by social workers throughout the profession’s history, are the foundation of social work’s unique purpose and perspective: services, social justice, dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity and competence.† (p. 1) In addition to; being in the social work profession you will work with three general practice skills, which are Micro skills, Mezzo skills and Macro skills. According to Ashman Show MoreRelatedMy Understanding Of The Social Work Profession Is To Help1662 Words   |  7 PagesMy understanding of the social work profession is to help communities, youth, families, groups and individuals who face inequality and hardships so that they can see the positive possibilities life has to offer. I faced similar hardships growing up therefore, I strive to empower people who need to have their voice heard and bring social justice to America. My dream is t o make a difference by helping create a society that provides robust opportunities to anyone that may be disadvantaged. I would likeRead MorePersonal Reflection On The Social Work Profession847 Words   |  4 PagesMy paper is a personal reflection on my understanding of the social work profession, as I get ready for my field placement. I will reflect on my evolving sense of professional identity, and will discuss my growth in terms of self-awareness. I will further deliberate about my knowledge of the Social Work profession. My current understanding of the profession, and activities, tasks and roles that I may undertake in a placement situation The Social Work profession in Ontario is a complete, accreditedRead MoreUnderstanding Of The Social Work Profession988 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Statement Understanding of the Social Work Profession For many, the primary mission of the profession of social work is enhancing the needs of those that are considered vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. My understanding of the social work profession is helping someone to make positive changes in his or her life that result in a better quality of life. This is also true when promoting the wellbeing of the community in a social context. As social workers it is easy to becomeRead MoreIs Medicine A Life Changing Doctor?880 Words   |  4 Pagesto impart my community positively and the world at large, I sought for a profession that is aimed towards my inner desire to best assist individuals in living comfortably, help individuals who are at risk and less capable of assisting themselves, to best reach this self actualization and fulfillment. In support my father got me my fist professional book â€Å"where there is no doctor†. With the high ranking of medicine and the value life showed to be, I believed medicine was that one profession that couldRead MoreMy Career As A Social Worker Essay1477 Words   |  6 Pages Social work has evolved over centuries and social work as a profession has gone through a constant change that even continues today. As I begin this journey into my career as a social worker I have to consider so many things; understanding the history of the social work profession and what it means to my career, understanding that social work is a profession and not just a discipline, why it is important that this kind of work be done by a professional, what organizations can help throughout myRead MoreThe Effects Of Discrimination On The Workplace From Social Worker s Perspectives948 Words   |  4 Pageseffects of stigmatization in the workplace from social worker’s perspectives, as they are the experts concerning this subject. This study will focus on the personal experiences of depressed social workers and will provide rich detailed research findings. A specific and personal study of worker’s experiences is necessary to highlight the effect that stigmatization has in the workplace, how stigmatization affects workers as well as their quality of work, and most importantly what barriers exist, asRead MoreSelf Awareness And The Social Work1603 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-awareness and the use of self is a key component in social work practice. Depending upon how one integrates their personal being and accompanying thoughts, experiences, emotions, and consciousness into the helping profession has a profound impact on whether that integration is positive or negative, particularly when it comes to that of one’s relationships with their clients. While remaining impartial is often critical to effective social work practice, the complete separation of self from one’sRead MoreSocial Work s Journey As A Profession And Its Resulting Values913 Words   |  4 Pagesaffect what their values will be. In the same way, the socia l work profession established its values by analyzing its origins, its successes and its failures. This paper looks at social work’s journey as a profession and its resulting values. This paper then discusses my personal life experience, my values, and how they make me compatible with the social work profession. Social Work Values According to Hodge (2013), the social work profession emerged out of organized religion and remained greatlyRead MoreWhy I Chose Social Work As A Profession1241 Words   |  5 Pagesto be able to list concrete reasons for why I chose social work as a profession, but it feels more existential than that. It is a profession that begins in the core of who a person is, or who they aspire to be. Social work is one of those professions that, at some point in your life, chooses you. When I was young, my brother struggled with drug addiction. It was a very difficult time for our family. My family was careening toward ruin, and my brother’s addiction was the driving force. He was notRead MoreThe International Community Development Scholarship Program845 Words   |  4 PagesProgram. Studying the programme would ensure I give a positive contribution to my country after finishing the course. I believe that community development workers input to the society is invaluable. Hence, I want to be aligned with a profession that assists the underprivileged in the society. I am committed to pursuing a career in social work. As evidenced from my transcript, I am an individual who thrives through hard work. Captivatingly, there is a Japanese proverb that states that, fall seven

Assignment on Strategic Management of Ryanair Free Solution

Question: Discuss about theStrategic Management for Ryanair. Answer: Introduction This report is focussed at critically assessing the key issues that strategic analysis plays in a business. For this purpose, Ryanair has been selected in the current report. The report commences by offering background information of the organisation. Moreover, to perform external environmental analysis, PESTEL and Porters Five Forces have been used. Findings of the external analysis shows the considerable issues for the company like charges by UK government and bargaining power of buyers. In addition to this, internal analysis has been conducted with the help of Porters Value Chain, Porters generic strategy and VRIO framework. The internal analysis makes it clear that the company has strong potential, but it needs to focus on its customer service and human resource management more. It has been found that Ryanairs current strategy is cost leadership and the company also uses corporate clout for securing economies of scale. This aids Ryanair to get a strong place in aviation industry. However, there are certain issues on which the company needs to focus for maintaining its competitive advantage, and thus, necessary recommendations have been made to the company. Background Information of the Organisation The organisation selected for the paper is Ryanair, which is the primary lost cost airline of Europe and provides customers low fare flights for all places. Ryanair was set up in the year 1985 by Ryan family with a workforce of just 25 people and share capital of 1. Since its establishment the company has developed from a mere one-stop airline to be one of the largest carriers of Europe. Ryanair operates above 1600 flights in a day to approximately 1600 low fare routes, from 69 bases. This way, the airline company links 186 destinations in 30 nations (Ryanair, 2016). Also, in the year 2000, Ryanair.com was launched officially, and the website currently accounts for more 98% of bookings for Ryanair airlines. The vision of the company is to be the leading low-fares scheduled passenger airline of Europe by making constant improvements and increasing offerings of its low-fares service. The company has created a revolt in the air travel industry by adopting no-frills, low-cost strategy. Ryanair is the only airlines of Europe that has made the air travel accessible to masses and also played a substantial role in increasing Europe tourism unlocking it in a manner, which it had never been before (Ryanair, 2016). External Analysis Macro-Environment Analysis In order to perform macro-environment analysis of Ryanair, PESTEL model has been used so that key factors related to the macro environment can be determined that affect the company: Political Factors: The trade union of Europe is compelling Ryanair as EU directives impose direct subsidies by the governments to their airlines because they mainly work to frame a level playing field among the regions airlines. This kind of approach was highly driven by the political developments as many companies were interested to have a level playing field across the EU. This was not only wished in the airline sector as it was demanded in various other factors as well in many countries. On the other hand, government taxes affects low fare airlines in the negatively manner when it comes to air journey (Thomas, 2014). Economical Factors: It is evident that the global airline sector is facing decline in passenger travel as the economic downturn has affected the spending of individuals and families. Apart from this, increased price of fuels has decreased the profit ratio of Ryanair as well as labour cost also plays a significant role in the cost of airlines. It has been viewed that if the fuel prices have risen $115 per barrel then it is sure that losses will be up to $5bn (Jacobs, 2012). Social Factors: When it comes to travelling, customer attitudes has changed a lot in the current era due to the high travel cost of airlines as compared to other means of transport. Also, the fact cannot be neglected that the enhancing desire for mobility is inviting huge development in the airline industry like Ryanair (Enz, 2009). Though, the costs are higher in airlines but still, customers like to take a flight than to travel in ships or trains and this significant improvement in the market would take customers to go back to utilize airline travel again in the near future (Grubb Neuhoff, 2006). Technological Factors: There have always been the greatest technological advancements in the airline sector especially when it comes to the improved fuel efficiencies of airlines. Some of the greatest technological advancements have made Ryanair a great low cost airline company such as booking of tickets through online platform and checking the status of flights on internet in order to avoid any kind of ambiguity. Environmental Factors: It is so true that the carbon footprint has been the most major issue in the airline sector and in this regard, Ryanair has been one of the most targeted airlines due to high amount of carbon emission in the environment and hence, it is advisable to Ryanair to lessen the impact of the carbon footprint in the environment (European Environmental Agency, 2012). Legal Factors: There is a major trade union pressure on the airline industry as the government has two choices which are either to reduce or promote costs. For instance, government has started strict security levels at airports which might cost airlines to increase their costs. EU expansion is one of the major causes to promote or enhance costs and this need to be done with proper carefulness in order to avoid political turbulence in future (Deloitte, 2014). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that Ryanair has a greater opportunity to think on the favour of environment in order to win the hearts of various people or passengers by reducing carbon footprint. On the other hand, the constantly increasing fuel prices can be a major threat for the company as it would lead to increase costs and people might feel reluctant to this aspect. The UK government charges and government taxes are also a major expense but it is necessary to pay them on time in order to maintain goodwill of company. Competitive Analysis Using Porters 5 Forces Model Competitive Rivalry: Competitive rivalry can be contemplated as nominal as airlines companies always try to avoid direct clash by laying emphasis on poaching travellers. Here, the price competition is of greater value as traffic will be moved to a company who serves nominal prices and this is what Ryanair do attract large number of customers. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Bargaining power of suppliers is quite higher as two aircraft companies are majorly present in the market namely Boeing and Airbus. In this regard, Ryanair does not have many options to choose the suppliers as there is lack of suppliers in the region (Thomas, 2011). Bargaining Power of Customers: The bargaining power is very high as the market contains huge amount of price receptive travellers and they can easily switch to those companies which are offering the same services at cheaper prices. Also, the bargaining power of customers seems high as the customers are not at all loyal towards a single company and switch to other companies when they are likely to get better services at nominal prices. In context to this, price sensitivity of Ryanair customers is another significant factor that highly contributes to their bargaining power. Threat of Substitute Products: This is undoubtedly true that the threat of substitute products is very high as travellers do not hesitate to shift to other substitute of transportation such as trains, buses, ships or personal vehicles. On the contrary to this, the threat of substitute is low as customers are not likely to get the same luxurious services in any other mode of transport. Hence, it is very noteworthy to state that the threat of substitute products and services for Ryanair is insignificant when it is highly compared to various other industries in the market place. Threat of New Entrants: The threat of new entrants is not too high but is present as many companies are ready to copy the success of low fare flights but also, they face huge challenge to get landing slots for the same. Besides this, liberalization has really allowed maximum numbers of competitors in the industry but, companies are not willing to set up due to heavy investment in this area. In nutshell, it can be said that the threat of new entrants is quite low because of essential entry barriers which are highly associated while entering in the airline sector and they may involve capital requirements, access of distribution channels, economies of scale and many other factors (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart, 2009). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that the Ryanair is doing well in its area and it does not have any major competitor as well as the threat of new entrants is not so high which makes the company very strong in various aspects. Apart from this, the major key issue here is that difficulties which are associated to proper distribution channel can be considered as another major hurdle for new companies to enter into airlines sector. Hence, Ryanair is doing well and does not need to worry about the new entrants and suppliers. Internal Environment Analysis Current Strategy With reference to Porters three generic strategies, it is considerable that Ryanair has adopted the lost cost strategy. Low Cost Model has been implemented by the leader of the company Michael OLeary who used it from Southwest airlines. The company has taken some strategic moves that allow it to offer low cost services to its customers (Clark, 2014). For example, Ryanair flies to secondary airports only, so that it can avoid the huge landing and gate charges and consequently offer low price to its customers. In addition to this, point-to-point flying is also used by the company, which helps in getting rid of many extra operations (Casadesus-Masanell and Ricart, 2011). Further, the company has also adopted the cost culture and has communicated it to all the employees to make it an important part of its cultural web. The biggest competitive advantage, the company has on its competitors is first mover advantage as it is the primary airline to instigate low fares by discussing low rates with secondary airports (Mitchell and Coles, 2004). Resources and Capabilities of the Firm The below present VRIO analysis demonstrates the capabilities and resources of the firm: Capability/Resource Valuable Rare Costly to Imitate Non Substitutable Competitive Advantage Brand Name Yes Yes Yes Yes High Management by Michael O'Leary Yes Yes Yes Yes High No Frills Low Cost Strategy Yes No No Yes Medium New Fleet Yes No No Yes Low Low Cost Culture Yes No Yes Yes High Physical Resources Yes No No No Medium Competencies Core competencies of Ryanair have played a critical role in forming the basis of competitive advantage for the company (Mennen, 2010). For the company, generating core competency as a low cost airline came from bringing together a bunch of complementary resources, comprising of a fleet of easy maintaining aircraft, and flying towards regional airports, selling mainly via an online channel and looking after customer service. The enviable profits of Ryanair are the outcome of making sure that all the capabilities and resources bring down expenses and enhance capacity (Kahawatte, 2010). Porters Value Chain Porters value chain is helpful to determine the activities which connect and generate value for the company. The below discussed are the value chain activities of Ryanair. Support Activities: This includes the infrastructure of the firm and Ryanairs infrastructure expenses comes from gate leasing at airports, maintaining technology systems, like website or online booking. Human Resource Management: Ryanair uses low cost agency training for its employees and aircrafts mostly includes minimal crew. Ryanair employs pilots of young age and offer them low wages for maintaining low cost operations (Rankin, 2014). Technology: Ryanair.com is the major source of sale of tickets for the airlines. The website is managed internally and thus cost saving is done by not relying on any third party (Whois.com, 2014). Procurement: Ryanair utilises procurement for acquiring resources at the best possible low cost. This is done by utilising the corporate clout of Ryanair (Kew Stredwick, 2006). Primary Activities: The cost of inbound logistics is low due to the corporate clout of the company and skilled procurement team. The operations of the company are extremely lean and outbound logistics of the company are concentrated on accuracy and punctuality. In 2013, 90% of the flights of Ryanair landed on time, defeating other European airlines (BBC, 2013). The focus of marketing and sales is on low cost promotions. Moreover, in terms of service, it is considerable that customer service is often regarded as the biggest weaknesses of the company. However, implementing turnaround strategy shows an attempt to transform brand perception (Topham, 2013). Identification of Key Issues that the Organisation Faces and Recommendations Key Issues The main aim of Ryanair is to become a big giant in the low cost market but is facing few major issues which are not allowing company to see its position in low cost such as regulation by domestic and EU is a major issue. This is because European airline is always compelled to check regulation from both domestic as well as European Union. On the other hand, Ryanairs objectives and long term vision is another major setback as it is next to impossible for a company to operate the largest amount of routes with minimum or the lowest fare can lead to declining profits of company. It has been analyzed that Ryanair has 4 dominant objectives and they are passenger traffic, passenger growth, smooth European routes and perfect customer service delivery and they together can serve as a myth as it is not possible to achieve all of them and hence, the company should try to achieve one by one so that its goals may not get neglected and can be fulfilled on time. Although, Ryanair does not have to face major competition from its competitors but still, this can be a major issue as companies are setting up their businesses in this sector after the allocation of liberalization as mentioned properly in the above section. In nutshell, it can be said that the company is doing well in its field and can enhance with flying colours if it may resolve the above mentioned issues in a better manner. Recommendations Considering the growing need of transportation, it is necessary that Ryanair should commence new routes in EU. The company should attempt to set up its presence in the EU and generate customer loyalty. The company can do this by starting Ryanair service to a location that is not low-cost service (Morris, Schindehutte and Allen, 2005). Ryanair should keep into consideration strategic alliances with other small companies at international and national level for enhancing its efficiency, service and to deal with the rising competition (Johnson, et al., 2014). Strategic alliances will provide the company the chance to get capabilities for targeting more markets and sharing financial risks (Porter, 2001). Another recommendation to the company is to focus on improving its customer service. Ryanair should work on its customer service by employing new talent, launching new customer service schemes and offer customers innovative services for their long term satisfaction (Hitt, Hoskisson Ireland, 2011). Conclusion It can be concluded on the basis of the aforementioned discussion that Ryanair has surpassed airline industry by originating the low cost airline in Europe. The leadership in lost has enabled the company to get significant competitive advantages, uphold profits, and quick growth. However, with the changing airline sector and difficult external environment, it is complicated for the company to sustain competitive advantage. Thus, it is necessary for Ryanair to now consider new strategic moves and utilise its capabilities for offering better service to customers and maintain their loyalty for an enduring period of time. References BBC News. (2013). Is Ryanair really Europe's most punctual airline? Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22659822 Belobaba, P., Odoni, A., Barnhart, C. (2009). The Global Airline Industry. John Wiley Sons. Casadesus-Masanell, R., Ricart, J.E. (2011). How to Design a Winning Business Model. [Online]. 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